Solution:

Implementing i18n Without The Performance Hit Using a Pre-Processor as suggested by Thomas Bley

At work, we recently went through implementation of i18n on a couple of our properties, and one of the things we kept struggling with was the performance hit of dealing with on-the-fly translation, then I discovered this great blog post by Thomas Bley which inspired the way we're using i18n to handle large traffic loads with minimal performance issues.

Instead of calling functions for every translation operation, which as we know in PHP is expensive, we define our base files with placeholders, then use a pre-processor to cache those files (we store the file modification time to make sure we're serving the latest content at all times).

The Translation Tags

Thomas uses{-code-1} and{-code-2} tags to define where translations start and end. Due to the fact that we're using TWIG, we don't want to use{ to avoid confusion so we use[%tr%] and[%/tr%] instead. Basically, this looks like this:

`return [%tr%]formatted_value[%/tr%];`
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Note that Thomas suggests using the base English in the file. We don't do this because we don't want to have to modify all of the translation files if we change the value in English.

The INI Files

Then, we create an INI file for each language, in the formatplaceholder = translated:

// lang/fr.ini
formatted_value = number_format($value * Model_Exchange::getEurRate(), 2, ',', ' ') . '€'

// lang/en_gb.ini
formatted_value = '£' . number_format($value * Model_Exchange::getStgRate())

// lang/en_us.ini
formatted_value = '$' . number_format($value)
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It would be trivial to allow a user to modify these inside the CMS, just get the keypairs by apreg_split on\n or= and making the CMS able to write to the INI files.

The Pre-Processor Component

Essentially, Thomas suggests using a just-in-time 'compiler' (though, in truth, it's a preprocessor) function like this to take your translation files and create static PHP files on disk. This way, we essentially cache our translated files instead of calling a translation function for every string in the file:

// This function was written by Thomas Bley, not by me
function translate($file) {
  $cache_file = 'cache/'.LANG.'_'.basename($file).'_'.filemtime($file).'.php';
  // (re)build translation?
  if (!file_exists($cache_file)) {
    $lang_file = 'lang/'.LANG.'.ini';
    $lang_file_php = 'cache/'.LANG.'_'.filemtime($lang_file).'.php';

    // convert .ini file into .php file
    if (!file_exists($lang_file_php)) {
      file_put_contents($lang_file_php, '<?php $strings='.
        var_export(parse_ini_file($lang_file), true).';', LOCK_EX);
    }
    // translate .php into localized .php file
    $tr = function($match) use (&$lang_file_php) {
      static $strings = null;
      if ($strings===null) require($lang_file_php);
      return isset($strings[ $match[1] ]) ? $strings[ $match[1] ] : $match[1];
    };
    // replace all {t}abc{/t} by tr()
    file_put_contents($cache_file, preg_replace_callback(
      '/\[%tr%\](.*?)\[%\/tr%\]/', $tr, file_get_contents($file)), LOCK_EX);
  }
  return $cache_file;
}
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Note: I didn't verify that the regex works, I didn't copy it from our company server, but you can see how the operation works.

How to Call It

Again, this example is from Thomas Bley, not from me:

// instead of
require("core/example.php");
echo (new example())->now();

// we write
define('LANG', 'en_us');
require(translate('core/example.php'));
echo (new example())->now();
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We store the language in a cookie (or session variable if we can't get a cookie) and then retrieve it on every request. You could combine this with an optional$_GET parameter to override the language, but I don't suggest subdomain-per-language or page-per-language because it'll make it harder to see which pages are popular and will reduce the value of inbound links as you'll have them more scarcely spread.

Why use this method?

We like this method of preprocessing for three reasons:

1. The huge performance gain from not calling a whole bunch of functions for content which rarely changes (with this system, 100k visitors in French will still only end up running translation replacement once).
2. It doesn't add any load to our database, as it uses simple flat-files and is a pure-PHP solution.
3. The ability to use PHP expressions within our translations.

Getting Translated Database Content

We just add a column for content in our database calledlanguage, then we use an accessor method for theLANG constant which we defined earlier on, so our SQL calls (using ZF1, sadly) look like this:

$query = select()->from($this->_name)
                 ->where('language = ?', User::getLang())
                 ->where('id       = ?', $articleId)
                 ->limit(1);
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Our articles have a compound primary key overid andlanguage so article54 can exist in all languages. OurLANG defaults toen_US if not specified.

URL Slug Translation

I'd combine two things here, one is a function in your bootstrap which accepts a$_GET parameter for language and overrides the cookie variable, and another is routing which accepts multiple slugs. Then you can do something like this in your routing:

"/wilkommen" => "/welcome/lang/de"
... etc ...
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These could be stored in a flat file which could be easily written to from your admin panel. JSON or XML may provide a good structure for supporting them.

Notes Regarding A Few Other Options

PHP-based On-The-Fly Translation

I can't see that these offer any advantage over pre-processed translations.

Front-end Based Translations

I've long found these interesting, but there are a few caveats. For example, you have to make available to the user the entire list of phrases on your website that you plan to translate, this could be problematic if there are areas of the site you're keeping hidden or haven't allowed them access to.

You'd also have to assume that all of your users are willing and able to use Javascript on your site, but from my statistics, around 2.5% of our users are running without it (or using Noscript to block our sites from using it).

Database-Driven Translations

PHP's database connectivity speeds are nothing to write home about, and this adds to the already high overhead of calling a function on every phrase to translate. The performance & scalability issues seem overwhelming with this approach.

Solution:

I suggest you not to invent a wheel and use gettext and ISO languages abbrevs list. Have you seen how i18n/l10n implemented in popular CMSes or frameworks?

Using gettext you will have a powerful tool where many of cases is already implemented like plural forms of numbers. In english you have only 2 options: singular and plural. But in Russian for example there are 3 forms and its not as simple as in english.

Also many translators already have experience to work with gettext.

Take a look to CakePHP or Drupal . Both multilingual enabled. CakePHP as example of interface localization and Drupal as example of content translation.

For l10n using database isn't the case at all. It will be tons on queries. Standard approach is to get all l10n data in memory in early stage (or during first call to i10n function if you prefer lazy loading). It can be reading from .po file or from DB all data at once. And than just read requested strings from array.

If you need to implement online tool to translate interface you can have all that data in DB but than still save all data to file to work with it. To reduce amount of data in memory you can split all your translated messages/strings into groups and than load only that groups you need if it will be possible.

So you totally right in your #3. With one exception: usually it is one big file not a per-controller file or so. Because it is best for performance to open one file. You probably know that some highloaded web apps compiles all PHP code in one file to avoid file operations when include/require called.

About URLs. Google indirectly suggest to use translation:

to clearly indicate French content: http://example.ca/fr/vélo-de-montagne.html

Also i think you need to redirect user to default language prefix e.g. http://examlpe.com/about-us will redirects to http://examlpe.com/en/about-us But if your site use only one language so you don't need prefixes at all.

Check out: http://www.audiomicro.com/trailer-hit-impact-psychodrama-sound-effects-836925 http://nl.audiomicro.com/aanhangwagen-hit-effect-psychodrama-geluidseffecten-836925 http://de.audiomicro.com/anhanger-hit-auswirkungen-psychodrama-sound-effekte-836925

Translating content is more difficult task. I think it will be some differences with different types of content e.g. articles, menu items etc. But in #4 you're in the right way. Take a look in Drupal to have more ideas. It have clear enough DB schema and good enough interface for translating. Like you creating article and select language for it. And than you can later translate it to other languages.

I think it isn't problem with URL slugs. You can just create separate table for slugs and it will be right decision. Also using right indexes it isn't problem to query table even with huge amount of data. And it wasn't full text search but string match if will use varchar data type for slug and you can have an index on that field too.

PS Sorry, my English is far from perfect though.

Solution:

It depends on how much content your website has. At first I used a database like all other people here, but it can be time-consuming to script all the workings of a database. I don't say that this is an ideal method and especially if you have a lot of text, but if you want to do it fast without using a database, this method could work, though, you can't allow users to input data which will be used as translation-files. But if you add the translations yourself, it will work:

Let's say you have this text:

Welcome!
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You can input this in a database with translations, but you can also do this:

$welcome = array(
"English"=>"Welcome!",
"German"=>"Willkommen!",
"French"=>"Bienvenue!",
"Turkish"=>"Hoşgeldiniz!",
"Russian"=>"Добро пожаловать!",
"Dutch"=>"Welkom!",
"Swedish"=>"Välkommen!",
"Basque"=>"Ongietorri!",
"Spanish"=>"Bienvenito!"
"Welsh"=>"Croeso!");
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Now, if your website uses a cookie, you have this for example:

$_COOKIE['language'];
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To make it easy let's transform it in a code which can easily be used:

$language=$_COOKIE['language'];
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If your cookie language is Welsh and you have this piece of code:

echo $welcome[$language];
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The result of this will be:

Croeso!
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If you need to add a lot of translations for your website and a database is too consuming, using an array can be an ideal solution.

Solution:

I will suggest you not to really depend of database for translation it could be really a messy task and could be a extreme problem in case of data encoding.

I had face similar issue while ago and written following class to solve my problem

Object: Locale\Locale

<?php

  namespace Locale;

  class Locale{

// Following array stolen from Zend Framework
public $country_to_locale = array(
    'AD' => 'ca_AD',
    'AE' => 'ar_AE',
    'AF' => 'fa_AF',
    'AG' => 'en_AG',
    'AI' => 'en_AI',
    'AL' => 'sq_AL',
    'AM' => 'hy_AM',
    'AN' => 'pap_AN',
    'AO' => 'pt_AO',
    'AQ' => 'und_AQ',
    'AR' => 'es_AR',
    'AS' => 'sm_AS',
    'AT' => 'de_AT',
    'AU' => 'en_AU',
    'AW' => 'nl_AW',
    'AX' => 'sv_AX',
    'AZ' => 'az_Latn_AZ',
    'BA' => 'bs_BA',
    'BB' => 'en_BB',
    'BD' => 'bn_BD',
    'BE' => 'nl_BE',
    'BF' => 'mos_BF',
    'BG' => 'bg_BG',
    'BH' => 'ar_BH',
    'BI' => 'rn_BI',
    'BJ' => 'fr_BJ',
    'BL' => 'fr_BL',
    'BM' => 'en_BM',
    'BN' => 'ms_BN',
    'BO' => 'es_BO',
    'BR' => 'pt_BR',
    'BS' => 'en_BS',
    'BT' => 'dz_BT',
    'BV' => 'und_BV',
    'BW' => 'en_BW',
    'BY' => 'be_BY',
    'BZ' => 'en_BZ',
    'CA' => 'en_CA',
    'CC' => 'ms_CC',
    'CD' => 'sw_CD',
    'CF' => 'fr_CF',
    'CG' => 'fr_CG',
    'CH' => 'de_CH',
    'CI' => 'fr_CI',
    'CK' => 'en_CK',
    'CL' => 'es_CL',
    'CM' => 'fr_CM',
    'CN' => 'zh_Hans_CN',
    'CO' => 'es_CO',
    'CR' => 'es_CR',
    'CU' => 'es_CU',
    'CV' => 'kea_CV',
    'CX' => 'en_CX',
    'CY' => 'el_CY',
    'CZ' => 'cs_CZ',
    'DE' => 'de_DE',
    'DJ' => 'aa_DJ',
    'DK' => 'da_DK',
    'DM' => 'en_DM',
    'DO' => 'es_DO',
    'DZ' => 'ar_DZ',
    'EC' => 'es_EC',
    'EE' => 'et_EE',
    'EG' => 'ar_EG',
    'EH' => 'ar_EH',
    'ER' => 'ti_ER',
    'ES' => 'es_ES',
    'ET' => 'en_ET',
    'FI' => 'fi_FI',
    'FJ' => 'hi_FJ',
    'FK' => 'en_FK',
    'FM' => 'chk_FM',
    'FO' => 'fo_FO',
    'FR' => 'fr_FR',
    'GA' => 'fr_GA',
    'GB' => 'en_GB',
    'GD' => 'en_GD',
    'GE' => 'ka_GE',
    'GF' => 'fr_GF',
    'GG' => 'en_GG',
    'GH' => 'ak_GH',
    'GI' => 'en_GI',
    'GL' => 'iu_GL',
    'GM' => 'en_GM',
    'GN' => 'fr_GN',
    'GP' => 'fr_GP',
    'GQ' => 'fan_GQ',
    'GR' => 'el_GR',
    'GS' => 'und_GS',
    'GT' => 'es_GT',
    'GU' => 'en_GU',
    'GW' => 'pt_GW',
    'GY' => 'en_GY',
    'HK' => 'zh_Hant_HK',
    'HM' => 'und_HM',
    'HN' => 'es_HN',
    'HR' => 'hr_HR',
    'HT' => 'ht_HT',
    'HU' => 'hu_HU',
    'ID' => 'id_ID',
    'IE' => 'en_IE',
    'IL' => 'he_IL',
    'IM' => 'en_IM',
    'IN' => 'hi_IN',
    'IO' => 'und_IO',
    'IQ' => 'ar_IQ',
    'IR' => 'fa_IR',
    'IS' => 'is_IS',
    'IT' => 'it_IT',
    'JE' => 'en_JE',
    'JM' => 'en_JM',
    'JO' => 'ar_JO',
    'JP' => 'ja_JP',
    'KE' => 'en_KE',
    'KG' => 'ky_Cyrl_KG',
    'KH' => 'km_KH',
    'KI' => 'en_KI',
    'KM' => 'ar_KM',
    'KN' => 'en_KN',
    'KP' => 'ko_KP',
    'KR' => 'ko_KR',
    'KW' => 'ar_KW',
    'KY' => 'en_KY',
    'KZ' => 'ru_KZ',
    'LA' => 'lo_LA',
    'LB' => 'ar_LB',
    'LC' => 'en_LC',
    'LI' => 'de_LI',
    'LK' => 'si_LK',
    'LR' => 'en_LR',
    'LS' => 'st_LS',
    'LT' => 'lt_LT',
    'LU' => 'fr_LU',
    'LV' => 'lv_LV',
    'LY' => 'ar_LY',
    'MA' => 'ar_MA',
    'MC' => 'fr_MC',
    'MD' => 'ro_MD',
    'ME' => 'sr_Latn_ME',
    'MF' => 'fr_MF',
    'MG' => 'mg_MG',
    'MH' => 'mh_MH',
    'MK' => 'mk_MK',
    'ML' => 'bm_ML',
    'MM' => 'my_MM',
    'MN' => 'mn_Cyrl_MN',
    'MO' => 'zh_Hant_MO',
    'MP' => 'en_MP',
    'MQ' => 'fr_MQ',
    'MR' => 'ar_MR',
    'MS' => 'en_MS',
    'MT' => 'mt_MT',
    'MU' => 'mfe_MU',
    'MV' => 'dv_MV',
    'MW' => 'ny_MW',
    'MX' => 'es_MX',
    'MY' => 'ms_MY',
    'MZ' => 'pt_MZ',
    'NA' => 'kj_NA',
    'NC' => 'fr_NC',
    'NE' => 'ha_Latn_NE',
    'NF' => 'en_NF',
    'NG' => 'en_NG',
    'NI' => 'es_NI',
    'NL' => 'nl_NL',
    'NO' => 'nb_NO',
    'NP' => 'ne_NP',
    'NR' => 'en_NR',
    'NU' => 'niu_NU',
    'NZ' => 'en_NZ',
    'OM' => 'ar_OM',
    'PA' => 'es_PA',
    'PE' => 'es_PE',
    'PF' => 'fr_PF',
    'PG' => 'tpi_PG',
    'PH' => 'fil_PH',
    'PK' => 'ur_PK',
    'PL' => 'pl_PL',
    'PM' => 'fr_PM',
    'PN' => 'en_PN',
    'PR' => 'es_PR',
    'PS' => 'ar_PS',
    'PT' => 'pt_PT',
    'PW' => 'pau_PW',
    'PY' => 'gn_PY',
    'QA' => 'ar_QA',
    'RE' => 'fr_RE',
    'RO' => 'ro_RO',
    'RS' => 'sr_Cyrl_RS',
    'RU' => 'ru_RU',
    'RW' => 'rw_RW',
    'SA' => 'ar_SA',
    'SB' => 'en_SB',
    'SC' => 'crs_SC',
    'SD' => 'ar_SD',
    'SE' => 'sv_SE',
    'SG' => 'en_SG',
    'SH' => 'en_SH',
    'SI' => 'sl_SI',
    'SJ' => 'nb_SJ',
    'SK' => 'sk_SK',
    'SL' => 'kri_SL',
    'SM' => 'it_SM',
    'SN' => 'fr_SN',
    'SO' => 'sw_SO',
    'SR' => 'srn_SR',
    'ST' => 'pt_ST',
    'SV' => 'es_SV',
    'SY' => 'ar_SY',
    'SZ' => 'en_SZ',
    'TC' => 'en_TC',
    'TD' => 'fr_TD',
    'TF' => 'und_TF',
    'TG' => 'fr_TG',
    'TH' => 'th_TH',
    'TJ' => 'tg_Cyrl_TJ',
    'TK' => 'tkl_TK',
    'TL' => 'pt_TL',
    'TM' => 'tk_TM',
    'TN' => 'ar_TN',
    'TO' => 'to_TO',
    'TR' => 'tr_TR',
    'TT' => 'en_TT',
    'TV' => 'tvl_TV',
    'TW' => 'zh_Hant_TW',
    'TZ' => 'sw_TZ',
    'UA' => 'uk_UA',
    'UG' => 'sw_UG',
    'UM' => 'en_UM',
    'US' => 'en_US',
    'UY' => 'es_UY',
    'UZ' => 'uz_Cyrl_UZ',
    'VA' => 'it_VA',
    'VC' => 'en_VC',
    'VE' => 'es_VE',
    'VG' => 'en_VG',
    'VI' => 'en_VI',
    'VN' => 'vn_VN',
    'VU' => 'bi_VU',
    'WF' => 'wls_WF',
    'WS' => 'sm_WS',
    'YE' => 'ar_YE',
    'YT' => 'swb_YT',
    'ZA' => 'en_ZA',
    'ZM' => 'en_ZM',
    'ZW' => 'sn_ZW'
);

/**
 * Store the transaltion for specific languages
 *
 * @var array
 */
protected $translation = array();

/**
 * Current locale
 *
 * @var string
 */
protected $locale;

/**
 * Default locale
 *
 * @var string
 */
protected $default_locale;

/**
 *
 * @var string
 */
protected $locale_dir;

/**
 * Construct.
 *
 *
 * @param string $locale_dir            
 */
public function __construct($locale_dir)
{
    $this->locale_dir = $locale_dir;
}

/**
 * Set the user define localte
 *
 * @param string $locale            
 */
public function setLocale($locale = null)
{
    $this->locale = $locale;

    return $this;
}

/**
 * Get the user define locale
 *
 * @return string
 */
public function getLocale()
{
    return $this->locale;
}

/**
 * Get the Default locale
 *
 * @return string
 */
public function getDefaultLocale()
{
    return $this->default_locale;
}

/**
 * Set the default locale
 *
 * @param string $locale            
 */
public function setDefaultLocale($locale)
{
    $this->default_locale = $locale;

    return $this;
}

/**
 * Determine if transltion exist or translation key exist
 *
 * @param string $locale            
 * @param string $key            
 * @return boolean
 */
public function hasTranslation($locale, $key = null)
{
    if (null == $key && isset($this->translation[$locale])) {
        return true;
    } elseif (isset($this->translation[$locale][$key])) {
        return true;
    }

    return false;
}

/**
 * Get the transltion for required locale or transtion for key
 *
 * @param string $locale            
 * @param string $key            
 * @return array
 */
public function getTranslation($locale, $key = null)
{
    if (null == $key && $this->hasTranslation($locale)) {
        return $this->translation[$locale];
    } elseif ($this->hasTranslation($locale, $key)) {
        return $this->translation[$locale][$key];
    }

    return array();
}

/**
 * Set the transtion for required locale
 *
 * @param string $locale
 *            Language code
 * @param string $trans
 *            translations array
 */
public function setTranslation($locale, $trans = array())
{
    $this->translation[$locale] = $trans;
}

/**
 * Remove transltions for required locale
 *
 * @param string $locale            
 */
public function removeTranslation($locale = null)
{
    if (null === $locale) {
        unset($this->translation);
    } else {
        unset($this->translation[$locale]);
    }
}

/**
 * Initialize locale
 *
 * @param string $locale            
 */
public function init($locale = null, $default_locale = null)
{
    // check if previously set locale exist or not
    $this->init_locale();
    if ($this->locale != null) {
        return;
    }

    if ($locale == null || (! preg_match('#^[a-z]+_[a-zA-Z_]+$#', $locale) && ! preg_match('#^[a-z]+_[a-zA-Z]+_[a-zA-Z_]+$#', $locale))) {
        $this->detectLocale();
    } else {
        $this->locale = $locale;
    }

    $this->init_locale();
}

/**
 * Attempt to autodetect locale
 *
 * @return void
 */
private function detectLocale()
{
    $locale = false;

    // GeoIP
    if (function_exists('geoip_country_code_by_name') && isset($_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'])) {

        $country = geoip_country_code_by_name($_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']);

        if ($country) {

            $locale = isset($this->country_to_locale[$country]) ? $this->country_to_locale[$country] : false;
        }
    }

    // Try detecting locale from browser headers
    if (! $locale) {

        if (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE'])) {

            $languages = explode(',', $_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE']);

            foreach ($languages as $lang) {

                $lang = str_replace('-', '_', trim($lang));

                if (strpos($lang, '_') === false) {

                    if (isset($this->country_to_locale[strtoupper($lang)])) {

                        $locale = $this->country_to_locale[strtoupper($lang)];
                    }
                } else {

                    $lang = explode('_', $lang);

                    if (count($lang) == 3) {
                        // language_Encoding_COUNTRY
                        $this->locale = strtolower($lang[0]) . ucfirst($lang[1]) . strtoupper($lang[2]);
                    } else {
                        // language_COUNTRY
                        $this->locale = strtolower($lang[0]) . strtoupper($lang[1]);
                    }

                    return;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Resort to default locale specified in config file
    if (! $locale) {
        $this->locale = $this->default_locale;
    }
}

/**
 * Check if config for selected locale exists
 *
 * @return void
 */
private function init_locale()
{
    if (! file_exists(sprintf('%s/%s.php', $this->locale_dir, $this->locale))) {
        $this->locale = $this->default_locale;
    }
}

/**
 * Load a Transtion into array
 *
 * @return void
 */
private function loadTranslation($locale = null, $force = false)
{
    if ($locale == null)
        $locale = $this->locale;

    if (! $this->hasTranslation($locale)) {
        $this->setTranslation($locale, include (sprintf('%s/%s.php', $this->locale_dir, $locale)));
    }
}

/**
 * Translate a key
 *
 * @param
 *            string Key to be translated
 * @param
 *            string optional arguments
 * @return string
 */
public function translate($key)
{
    $this->init();
    $this->loadTranslation($this->locale);

    if (! $this->hasTranslation($this->locale, $key)) {

        if ($this->locale !== $this->default_locale) {

            $this->loadTranslation($this->default_locale);

            if ($this->hasTranslation($this->default_locale, $key)) {

                $translation = $this->getTranslation($this->default_locale, $key);
            } else {
                // return key as it is or log error here
                return $key;
            }
        } else {
            return $key;
        }
    } else {
        $translation = $this->getTranslation($this->locale, $key);
    }
    // Replace arguments
    if (false !== strpos($translation, '{a:')) {
        $replace = array();
        $args = func_get_args();
        for ($i = 1, $max = count($args); $i < $max; $i ++) {
            $replace['{a:' . $i . '}'] = $args[$i];
        }
        // interpolate replacement values into the messsage then return
        return strtr($translation, $replace);
    }

    return $translation;
  }
}
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Usage

 <?php
    ## /locale/en.php

    return array(
       'name' => 'Hello {a:1}'
       'name_full' => 'Hello {a:1} {a:2}'
   );

$locale = new Locale(__DIR__ . '/locale');
$locale->setLocale('en');// load en.php from locale dir
//want to work with auto detection comment $locale->setLocale('en');

echo $locale->translate('name', 'Foo');
echo $locale->translate('name', 'Foo', 'Bar');
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How it works

{a:1} is replaced by 1st argument passed to methodLocale::translate('key_name','arg1'){a:2} is replaced by 2nd argument passed to methodLocale::translate('key_name','arg1','arg2')

How detection works

• By default ifgeoip is installed then it will return country code bygeoip_country_code_by_name and if geoip is not installed the fallback toHTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE header

Solution:

Just a sub answer: Absolutely use translated urls with a language identifier in front of them: http://www.domain.com/nl/over-ons
Hybride solutions tend to get complicated, so I would just stick with it. Why? Cause the url is essential for SEO.

About the db translation: Is the number of languages more or less fixed? Or rather unpredictable and dynamic? If it is fixed, I would just add new columns, otherwise go with multiple tables.

But generally, why not use Drupal? I know everybody wants to build their own CMS cause it's faster, leaner, etc. etc. But that is just really a bad idea!

Solution:

I am not going to attempt to refine the answers already given. Instead I will tell you about the way my own OOP PHP framework handles translations.

Internally, my framework use codes like en, fr, es, cn and so on. An array holds the languages supported by the website: array('en','fr','es','cn') The language code is passed via $_GET (lang=fr) and if not passed or not valid, it is set to the first language in the array. So at any time during program execution and from the very beginning, the current language is known.

It is useful to understand the kind of content that needs to be translated in a typical application:

1) error messages from classes (or procedural code) 2) non-error messages from classes (or procedural code) 3) page content (usually store in a database) 4) site-wide strings (like website name) 5) script-specific strings

The first type is simple to understand. Basically, we are talking about messages like "could not connect to the database ...". These messages only need to be loaded when an error occurs. My manager class receives a call from the other classes and using the information passed as parameters simply goes to relevant the class folder and retrieves the error file.

The second type of error message is more like the messages you get when the validation of a form went wrong. ("You cannot leave ... blank" or "please choose a password with more than 5 characters"). The strings need to be loaded before the class runs.I know what is

For the actual page content, I use one table per language, each table prefixed by the code for the language. So en_content is the table with English language content, es_content is for spain, cn_content for China and fr_content is the French stuff.

The fourth kind of string is relevant throughout your website. This is loaded via a configuration file named using the code for the language, that is en_lang.php, es_lang.php and so on. In the global language file you will need to load the translated languages such as array('English','Chinese', 'Spanish','French') in the English global file and array('Anglais','Chinois', 'Espagnol', 'Francais') in the French file. So when you populate a dropdown for language selection, it is in the correct language ;)

Finally you have the script-specific strings. So if you write a cooking application, it might be "Your oven was not hot enough".

In my application cycle, the global language file is loaded first. In there you will find not just global strings (like "Jack's Website") but also settings for some of the classes. Basically anything that is language or culture-dependent. Some of the strings in there include masks for dates (MMDDYYYY or DDMMYYYY), or ISO Language Codes. In the main language file, I include strings for individual classes becaue there are so few of them.

The second and last language file that is read from disk is the script language file. lang_en_home_welcome.php is the language file for the home/welcome script. A script is defined by a mode (home) and an action (welcome). Each script has its own folder with config and lang files.

The script pulls the content from the database naming the content table as explained above.

If something goes wrong, the manager knows where to get the language-dependent error file. That file is only loaded in case of an error.

So the conclusion is obvious. Think about the translation issues before you start developing an application or framework. You also need a development workflow that incorporates translations. With my framework, I develop the whole site in English and then translate all the relevant files.

Just a quick final word on the way the translation strings are implemented. My framework has a single global, the $manager, which runs services available to any other service. So for example the form service gets hold of the html service and uses it to write the html. One of the services on my system is the translator service. $translator->set($service,$code,$string) sets a string for the current language. The language file is a list of such statements. $translator->get($service,$code) retrieves a translation string. The $code can be numeric like 1 or a string like 'no_connection'. There can be no clash between services because each has its own namespace in the translator's data area.

I post this here in the hope it will save somebody the task of reinventing the wheel like I had to do a few long years ago.

Solution:

I had the same probem a while ago, before starting using Symfony framework.

1. Just use a function __() which has arameters pageId (or objectId, objectTable described in #2), target language and an optional parameter of fallback (default) language. The default language could be set in some global config in order to have an easier way to change it later.

2. For storing the content in database i used following structure: (pageId, language, content, variables).

   • pageId would be a FK to your page you want to translate. if you have other objects, like news, galleries or whatever, just split it into 2 fields objectId, objectTable.

   • language - obviously it would store the ISO language string EN_en, LT_lt, EN_us etc.

   • content - the text you want to translate together with the wildcards for variable replacing. Example "Hello mr. %%name%%. Your account balance is %%balance%%."

   • variables - the json encoded variables. PHP provides functions to quickly parse these. Example "name: Laurynas, balance: 15.23".

   • you mentioned also slug field. you could freely add it to this table just to have a quick way to search for it.

3. Your database calls must be reduced to minimum with caching the translations. It must be stored in PHP array, because it is the fastest structure in PHP language. How you will make this caching is up to you. From my experience you should have a folder for each language supported and an array for each pageId. The cache should be rebuilt after you update the translation. ONLY the changed array should be regenerated.

4. i think i answered that in #2

5. your idea is perfectly logical. this one is pretty simple and i think will not make you any problems.

URLs should be translated using the stored slugs in the translation table.

Final words

it is always good to research the best practices, but do not reinvent the wheel. just take and use the components from well known frameworks and use them.

take a look at Symfony translation component. It could be a good code base for you.

Solution:

I've been asking myself related questions over and over again, then got lost in formal languages... but just to help you out a little I'd like to share some findings:

I recommend to give a look at advanced CMS

Typo3 forPHP (I know there is a lot of stuff but thats the one I think is most mature)

Plone inPython

If you find out that the web in 2013 should work different then, start from scratch. That would mean to put together a team of highly skilled/experienced people to build a new CMS. May be you'd like to give a look at polymer for that purpose.

If it comes to coding and multilingual websites / native language support, I think every programmer should have a clue about unicode. If you don't know unicode you'll most certainly mess up your data. Do not go with the thousands of ISO codes. They'll only save you some memory. But you can do literally everything with UTF-8 even store chinese chars. But for that you'd need to store either 2 or 4 byte chars that makes it basically a utf-16 or utf-32.

If it's about URL encoding, again there you shouldn't mix encodings and be aware that at least for the domainname there are rules defined by different lobbies that provide applications like a browser. e.g. a Domain could be very similar like:

ьankofamerica.com or bankofamerica.com samesamebutdifferent ;)

Of course you need the filesystem to work with all encodings. Another plus for unicode using utf-8 filesystem.

If its about translations, think about the structure of documents. e.g. a book or an article. You have thedocbook specifications to understand about those structures. But in HTML its just about content blocks. So you'd like to have a translation on that level, also on webpage level or domain level. So if a block doesn't exist its just not there, if a webpage doesn't exist you'll get redirected to the upper navigation level. If a domain should be completely different in navigation structure, then.. its a complete different structure to manage. This can already be done with Typo3.

If its about frameworks, the most mature ones I know, to do the general stuff like MVC(buzzword I really hate it! Like "performance" If you want to sell something, use the word performance and featurerich and you sell... what the hell) isZend. It has proven to be a good thing to bring standards to php chaos coders. But, typo3 also has a Framework besides the CMS. Recently it has been redeveloped and is called flow3 now. The frameworks of course cover database abstraction, templating and concepts for caching, but have individual strengths.

If its about caching... that can be awefully complicated / multilayered. In PHP you'll think about accellerator, opcode, but also html, httpd, mysql, xml, css, js ... any kinds of caches. Of course some parts should be cached and dynamic parts like blog answers shouldn't. Some should be requested over AJAX with generated urls. JSON, hashbangs etc.

Then, you'd like to have any little component on your website to be accessed or managed only by certain users, so conceptually that plays a big role.

Also you'd like to make statistics, maybe have distributed system / a facebook of facebooks etc. any software to be built on top of your over the top cms ... so you need different type of databases inmemory, bigdata, xml, whatsoever.

well, I think thats enough for now. If you haven't heard of either typo3 / plone or mentioned frameworks, you have enough to study. On that path you'll find a lot of solutions for questions you haven't asked yet.

If then you think, lets make a new CMS because its 2013 and php is about to die anyway, then you r welcome to join any other group of developers hopefully not getting lost.

Good luck!

And btw. how about people will not having any websites anymore in the future? and we'll all be on google+? I hope developers become a little more creative and do something usefull(to not be assimilated by the borgle)

//// Edit /// Just a little thought for your existing application:

If you have a php mysql CMS and you wanted to embed multilang support. you could either use your table with an aditional column for any language or insert the translation with an object id and a language id in the same table or create an identical table for any language and insert objects there, then make a select union if you want to have them all displayed. For the database use utf8 general ci and of course in the front/backend use utf8 text/encoding. I have used url path segments for urls in the way you already explaned like

domain.org/en/about you can map the lang ID to your content table. anyway you need to have a map of parameters for your urls so you'd like to define a parameter to be mapped from a pathsegment in your URL that would be e.g.

domain.org/en/about/employees/IT/administrators/

lookup configuration

pageid| url

1 | /about/employees/../..

1 | /../about/employees../../

map parameters to url pathsegment ""

$parameterlist[lang] = array(0=>"nl",1=>"en"); // default nl if 0
$parameterlist[branch] = array(1=>"IT",2=>"DESIGN"); // default nl if 0
$parameterlist[employertype] = array(1=>"admin",1=>"engineer"); //could be a sql result 

$websiteconfig[]=$userwhatever;
$websiteconfig[]=$parameterlist;
$someparameterlist[] = array("branch"=>$someid);
$someparameterlist[] = array("employertype"=>$someid);
function getURL($someparameterlist){ 
// todo foreach someparameter lookup pathsegment 
return path;
}
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per say, thats been covered already in upper post.

And to not forget, you'd need to "rewrite" the url to your generating php file that would in most cases be index.php

Solution:

The real challenge when making a multilingual website is the content. How are you going to store different versions of the same article? Are you using a relational database or a non-relational one?

Using a relational DB such as MySQL, you can take advantage of theJSON data type to store all different versions of the same field altogether.

When using a non-relational DB you can simply store different versions in the same object identifiable by their keys.

If you are using Laravel you may find Laravel Translatable package to be useful when working with traditional relational databases.

Solution:

If you're hosting static content, then Google's Firebase Hosting supports i18n hosting rules that return either Country, Language or Language + Country specific content includingindex.html,404.html ormanifest.json files (for progressive web apps).

Their hosting will select the Country based on users IP address and select the language based on their browser'sAccept-Language header and then apply prioritised rules to return each requested file content.

1. Language code + Country code (for example, content from fr_ca/)

2. Country code only (for example, content from ALL_ca/)

3. Language code only (for example, content from fr/ or es_ALL/)

4. "Default" content that's outside the "i18n content" directory, like at the root of the public directory.

Rules 1 & 3 are applied in order of quality values for each language in the request'sAccept-Language header.

Example

public/
    index.html  // Default homepage
    manifest.json  // Default manifest.json
    404.html  // Default custom 404 page

    localized-files/
        ALL_ca/
            index.html
        es_ALL/
            index.html
            404.html
            manifest.json   << Spanish
        fr/
            index.html
            404.html
            manifest.json   << French
        fr_ca/
            index.html
            manifest.json
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// firebase.json

"hosting": {

  "public": "public",

  "ignore": [
    "firebase.json",
    "**/.*",
    "**/node_modules/**"
  ],

  "i18n": {
    "root": "/localized-files"  // <<< "i18n content" folder
  }

  ...
}
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Full details ...

• Configure internationalization (i18n) rewrites

Solution:

Database work:

Create Language Table ‘languages’:

Fields:

language_id(primary and auto increamented)

language_name

created_at

created_by

updated_at

updated_by
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Create a table in database ‘content’:

Fields:

content_id(primary and auto incremented)

main_content

header_content

footer_content

leftsidebar_content

rightsidebar_content

language_id(foreign key: referenced to languages table)

created_at

created_by

updated_at

updated_by
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Front End Work:

When user selects any language from dropdown or any area then save selected language id in session like,

$_SESSION['language']=1;

Now fetch data from database table ‘content’ based on language id stored in session.

Detail may found here http://skillrow.com/multilingual-website-in-php-2/

Solution:

As a person who live in Quebec where almost all site is french and english... i have try many if not most multilanguage plugin for WP... the one an only usefull solution that work nive with all my site is mQtranslate... i live and die with it !

https://wordpress.org/plugins/mqtranslate/

Solution:

What about WORDPRESS + MULTI-LANGUAGE SITE BASIS(plugin) ? the site will have structure:

• example.com/eng/category1/....
• example.com/eng/my-page....
• example.com/rus/category1/....
• example.com/rus/my-page....

The plugin provides Interface for Translation all phrases, with simple logic:

(ENG) my_title - "Hello user"
(SPA) my_title - "Holla usuario"
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then it can be outputed:
echo translate('my_title', LNG); // LNG is auto-detected

p.s. however, check, if the plugin is still active.

Solution:

A really simple option that works with any website where you can upload Javascript is www.multilingualizer.com

It lets you put all text for all languages onto one page and then hides the languages the user doesn't need to see. Works well.